Proposal Writing Assignment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Proposal Writing Assignment - Essay Example These kinds of schedules tends to eliminate the gauging exercise intensity guesswork, improves the quantitative tracking with regards to the fitness levels, helps in defining an individual’s weaknesses, acts as an effort monitor, as well as a proper perspective for aerodynamic position testing. Many cyclists often produce equal power output from both legs. The Info Crank tends to measures independently even small variations between the left and the right leg. A host of the remedial measures often exist to with the ultimate role of correcting the asymmetrical power inputs that requires adequate measurements. Info Crank will thus act as an accurate power meter with regards to cycling. Accuracy can hence be taken as an unlimited value that is accurate to almost 5 Watts. The relative measurements, as well as the cycling power readings should have greater reference on the context of  ±2% regarding the systems utmost reading capability (Krolop & Pfeffer et.al, 368). The level of accuracy also sets basis on the measurement of cadence, as well as the A-D converters rates of sampling. There is hence little or no variation between the amounts of watts deliberated on a single Info Crank’s set. If the Info Crank is switched between bikes, the measured watts are often equal. Power is basically a phenomenon that has to do with the aspect of force and velocity. The mathematical expression can be taken as: power (W) = force x distance / time. Watts on the other hand refers to energy that is needed to move a given mass to a particular distance within an identified period of time. In short, is taken to be 1W = 1Nm/s. So in a bike speak, the overall mass will be taken as the sum of that of the cyclist plus that of the bike, while the distance should be taken as the covered ground distance. There is some difficulty when it comes to the measurement of power due to the resistance brought out as a result of inconsistent motion. This is thus the key

Keats- Poetry Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Keats- Poetry - Essay Example He is well-known for his ability to lift his readers beyond the mundane everyday aspects of life and bring them to a higher level of thought and existence. This ability is well-illustrated in his poem â€Å"To One who has been Long in City Pent.† In this poem, Keats argues that each day should be enjoyed, provides a means of doing so and reminds his readers that their time to enjoy their days on earth is limited by employing a heavy use of imagery, appealing to the senses, calming readers with a soothing varied Italian sonnet format and allowing the analogy to develop slowly. Keats begins the poem by addressing it to all individuals who have been stuck in the city for long periods of time and are beginning to feel trapped, â€Å"To one who has been long in city pent† (1). By doing this, he is calling attention to the idea that he may be able to offer some relief from their suffering by having them do nothing more difficult than looking up. Exhorting them to â€Å"look into the fair / And open face of heaven, - to breathe a prayer / Full in the smile of the blue firmament† (2-4), Keats directs the memory to happier times spent in the country while also reminding them of their more permanent eternal home in heaven with the use of the unusual phrase ‘blue firmament’ which typically suggests solid land. He calls forth rich images of a relaxing day spent in beautiful weather and blissful activity, â€Å"Fatigued he sinks into some pleasant lair, / Of wavy grass and reads a debonair / And gentle tale of love and languishment† (6-8). Not only has he presented the blue sky above, but with phrases such as â€Å"pleasant lair† and â€Å"wavy grass,† the reader instantly thinks of wild places with the suggestion of a lair, most commonly associated with the beasts of the field, and can almost smell the long grasses of a sweet country meadow untouched by interfering hands far from the factories and businesses of the city. Describing the book as ‘debonair’ and

Quality Systems Of Tesco Plc And Waitrose Marketing Essay

Quality Systems Of Tesco Plc And Waitrose Marketing Essay Operations management encompasses all activities in an organisation that transform its inputs into desired outputs. Operation Managements activities consist of planning, designing, implementing and controlling the firms operation through an efficient and effective use of its resources to produce and deliver goods and services so as to satisfy its customers needs (Slack, Chambers, Johnston, 2004). Quality is very important in the mind of the customer because it influences the choice in purchasing that product. A quality product is one which satisfies customer demand completely and which is done right the first time itself. The quality of a product can be classified in two categories, which is firstly the design quality and secondly the performance quality of a product. Design quality involves the purpose of a good or facility. A shopper usually classifies the quality of a product through its look, process and dependability. Furthermore, performance quality involves the extent to which products and services correspond to the plan of the design. Quality management is essential to effective operations management, particularly continuous management. More recent advancements in quality, such as benchmarking and Total Quality Management, have resulted in advancements to operations management as well. Quality management ensures that there is quality in a products and services. Although there are different approaches to solve quality issues, all the goal are the same which is to create a high quality, high performing product or services which is in conformity with customers expectations. Quality management is very important in companies for various reasons. It ensures product quality in the sense that product can be produced as per stated promise, which is durability, performance and reliability. Customer satisfaction where surveys can be conducted to understand the qualities customers want from the product, as well as how it can be improved. Increased revenues as quality products and services give the company a spotless reputation in the industry and this can lead to new customers and also selling additional products and services to existing customers. Moreover unnecessary processes can be eliminated and the employee can do the same job in less time thus decreasing the additional salary paid him. Quality management also helps to reduce wastage as companies that house inventory has to incur the holding costs and also tracking of the inventory which ultimately will be included in the price. Therefore, to keep inventory at a low level without incurring any waste, manuf acturers can work closely with suppliers using a Just-In-Time philosophy and thus becoming more responsive to customers. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY Research methodology is a system of collecting data for a research project which provide critical insight into the subject matter of the research. The basis upon which the research approach is selected depends upon the requirement of the research topic and its main objectives. (Fraenkel and Wallen. 1993). According to Saunders et al the two main types of research approaches are quantitative and qualitative research. For the purpose of collecting data on the quality aspect of the operational management, the researcher has adopted both qualitative and quantitative approach. Primary data was obtained from Tesco branch of Thornton Heath which was selected for this purpose and was compared with the Waitrose branch of Croydon. Research techniques such as face to face interviews using open ended questions with the store managers of both supermarkets were used. In addition observation of the processes across various branches of Tesco and Waitrose was done for a period of two weeks. These two particular research techniques were chosen because it enables the researcher to get more detail and additional information which could not have been obtained otherwise if another research methodology for example questionnaire was used. Moreover it enables the researcher to have an insight in the quality problems existing in the operation management. The information obtained during the interviews and through physical observation is used to generalise the quality system and philosophies adopted across all branches as Tesco and Waitrose because as a franchisee these supermar kets are much known for standardisation across all their levels of area of business. Secondary data is another method of obtaining data which is readily available at relatively no cost from sources such as the company website, books, and academic journals at relatively no cost. Some of the limitations of the research techniques used for this research were that the store managers refused to answer some of the questions. HISTORY OF BUSINESS TESCO Supermarkets giant Tesco was founded in 1919 after the First World War by Jack Cohen when he started selling surplus groceries from a stall in the East London and made  £1 profit from  £4 sales. Tesco got its name from the initials of TE Stockwell where he was a partner in the firm of tea suppliers and CO from his surname. He managed to cope with adverse economic conditions and subsequently with rapid changing technology, increasingly sophisticated consumers and competitions. The first official store was opened in 1929 and the company kept flourishing throughout the twentieth century. In 1992 the company launched its slogan ; every little helps, followed by Tesco value in 1993 and in 1995 it overtook Sainsburys and became the UKs largest food retailer. . It managed to become the first British trader with a companys loyalty card when the Tesco Clubcard was introduced, and has also developed many innovative products and services to make more profit. Today, Tesco has 2482 stores in the U.K and 2329 stores in other countries, with an overall staff number of 472,000 worldwide. WAITROSE Waitrose is the UK leading chain of quality food retailer and is part of John Lewis Partnership since 1937.Founded in 1904 by William Waite, Arthur Rose and David Taylor in a small town called Acton in West London, today Waitrose is the country most successful, innovative and largest chain of supermarkets differentiating itself from its competitors by providing high quality products and excellent customer services. It mainly targets the high income earners. As to date, Waitrose has 228 branches across the United Kingdom and a 4.3% share of the market, making it the 6th largest grocery retailer in the UK. Waitrose has been expanding in the domestic market by adopting a strategy of growth by acquisition and very recently it has started to franchise its licence. Its first overseas store was opened in Dubai in April 2008 and its plans to focus more on its overseas market in the near future. The main competitors of the chain of supermarket are Marks and Spencer, Tesco, Sainsbury and many more. COMPARISION OF TESCO AND WAITROSE Quality Philosophy Tesco quality philosophy is to deliver the best possible service to the customers by providing high quality products at cheaper price. Its target market is the middle income with young children. Waitrose is committed to bring the best quality of food. Its price is at a premium. It has built its reputation on its quality and the freshness of the food. Its targeted market is the high income earners and compared to Tesco, its stores are located in affluent areas. Quality systems Quality systems Even though Tesco and Waitrose cater to different segments of income group customer both the store stress on quality. They take different aspects into consideration while choosing the products that need to be displayed on their shelves. Below are the various methods that both the stores consider Tesco Tesco takes regular feedback from their customers regarding the quality of the products and the service they received from the stores. Based on the feedback, the Quality control team ensures that the products that reach the stores are of high quality. This ensures the product consistency and good value for the customers, every time. Tescos quality and life of the products are constantly monitored and sample checked across various steps in supply chain from production to the stores. According to Tesco Would I buy it strategy is employed which empowers anyone involved with the production, packaging and shelving. The persons involved in these stages have the right to reject the product which below the specification. Apart from the above methodology, the products are also tested independently every month. This ensures that the delivered product is up to the quality. They also have a technical standard guideline which has to be followed by everyone involved in the supply chain. They consult industry bodies, environmental experts and food safety experts to advise on production aspects. Tesco over the past few years has effectively introduced six sigma methodology across various departments and has successfully reduced the carbon di oxide emissions and also saving energy. Waitrose Similar to the approach taken by Tesco, Waitrose also takes the customer feedback into consideration while doing quality testing. Waitrose looks for producers who can offer quality products and sets very high standards while preparation of the food products. According to Waitrose they uphold high standards of food safety and hygiene, by the usage of latest farming techniques. These include HACCP (Hazard analysis and critical Control Points) systems, ICM (Integrated crop management) system and LIFE (Linking Environment and farming). HACCP is used in food production to identify potential hazards and to control the risks in future. ICM is used to ensure that best horticulture practices are followed and LEAF is independent charitable organisation that helps farmers to reduce the environmental impacts. Recently Waitrose have successfully implemented SAS software to improve the stockholding and cut wastes. This helps them in forecasting customer demand and ensures right product is shelved at the right time. According to Waitrose, this has helped them to reduce stockholding by 8% and wastage by 4%, thus increasing the customer satisfaction through high product availability. Quality Approaches The quality approaches of Tesco and Waitrose will be compared and contrast as follows: Quality of product Compare Quality of products depends on the requirement and satisfaction of customer. Much focus is being placed on quality of products by most of the organisation and Tesco and Waitrose are no different. Both companies offer the range of organic foods which are becoming more and more popular nowadays. The Bags for life scheme is becoming popular in supermarkets so as to cut down the number of traditional carrier bags and therefore, reducing the number ending up in landfill sites. Once the Bag for life is worn out customers can replace it free of charge. Tescos front line initiative if there is more than one person queuing at a single check out then another one is open and also customers are encouraged to give instant feedback on the service thus helping in improving the offer and the service. On the other hand, Waitrose has the quick check method where customers can scan their items and pack them as they are shopping and when finished, they pay at the quick check till without having to unpack and repack their goods. For any business to grow or to compete with others it has become mandatory to use the latest technologies across various levels. Tesco can launch an application with barcode reader integrated with Tesco club card and mobile number. The customer can select the items and scan it through the barcode reader app. At the end of the shopping he/she just scans her app on the till or enter the reference number (could be registered mobile number) provided by the app. This is automatically updated on to the customers club card. This way queues can be reduced by large at the tills. There by increasing the customer satisfaction. Also, Tesco can implement Drive-Thru shopping; where in customer shops online and pays for it online if necessary. The customer just drives at the specified time with the reference number and picks up his goods at the counter just like the Mc Donalds drive thru.

We Must Put an End to Child Brides in Turkey Essay -- Argumentative Es

Even though Turkey raised the minimum age of marriage to 17 years of age in 2007, the country currently has one of the highest rates of child marriage in Europe. Although the legal age is 17, under a legal provision for â€Å"exceptional circumstances† a family can apply for the consent of the courts to legally marry off a child who is younger than the established legal age. However, what is considered an â€Å"exceptional circumstance† is rather vague. Although Turkey already has laws in place to protect children, countless young underage girls are married off by their families each year. Child marriage is not just a family issue -- it is a human rights violation and it needs to be addressed as such with the legal circles in Turkey. In 2011, Turkey signed the Council of Europe convention aimed at combatting violence against women, which includes enacting laws that view child marriage as a crime. Even though Turkey is a signatory to the agreement, the rate of child marriages in the country continues to climb each year. Even though families may be aware of the laws regarding marriage, many prefer to avoid those legalities by marrying their children off in religious ceremonies, which are often not reported to the authorities. Therefore, it is difficult to find an accurate account of child brides in Turkey. According to reports, there are an estimated 180,000 child brides in the country. However, this statistic does not reflect the unknown number of religious marriages that are not legal or reported to the state. Some reports place the actual figure as high as one-third of all marriages in Turkey involving at least one partner who is below the legal age of consent. One has to wonder just how the number of illegal and underage marriages... ...egal marriages should be forced, with no exceptions, to accept the legal consequences of their actions. Communities must stop turning a blind eye to this form of child abuse and start speaking out. By depriving a girl of her childhood, her life and her dreams are seen as unimportant. All children deserve an education. They all deserve the opportunity to have financial stability in their lives. Every child should have the chance to experience a childhood and not be sold, traded or bought as a child bride. By law, a child cannot be forced into marriage when they are under the legal age of consent. However, too many have winked and looked the other way for too long as young girls were sent off to new homes as the â€Å"gelin† or young bride. This attitude must change if women are ever to take their rightful place in Turkish society. Anything less is an insult to all women.

A Report About Germany Architecture Essay

The United States is a topographic point full of diverse civilizations that have come from across the universe from assorted topographic points. Many people had a assortment of grounds for go forthing their fatherlands to be a portion of the United States. Our ascendants are people of outstanding bravery and strength to construct, support, and transform to a new life. Some of my ain ascendants can be traced back to Germany during periods of difficult times and tough determinations.My great-grandpa came from Germany in the early1900s to partly get away the wake of World War I and it ‘s affect on the people. His chief intent for heading to the United States was because the money became valueless. The economic times for the people in the country became highly hard as they were confronting a depression that had worsened. Disease and illness were besides get downing to run rampant throughout the state doing many people to go forth. I assume that my great-grandpa wanted to be a citiz en of a topographic point where they had a pick in faith, along with freedom in general, every bit good as the agencies for supplying for himself and his household. Although, he knew his transmutation would be a hard one, the determination was a rational pick for agencies of endurance.Germany is a comparatively little state that consists of 16 federal provinces and four major geographic parts. The assorted rivers found in Germany are of import for leting trade and transit to take topographic point. The clime is by and large that of wet winters with an mean temperature and mild summers of ice chest temperatures. Germany has passed through three wars, two of those being World War I and World War II. These wars affected the rise of Germany ‘s population because of the licking and losingss they suffered. The state is besides highly good known for the Holocaust ran by Adolf Hitler that killed anyplace between eleven million and 17 million Jews. The addition in our engineering or even the civilization of which we live in may be the ground for why some subsistence schemes are more prevailing than others. Pastoralism is a subsistence scheme used in Germany today for those who raise or herd animate beings. The bulk of the animate beings that are herd in Germany are hogs, cowss, and poulet and used for their copiousness of meats and dairy. There are certain tools needed to crowd the animate beings such as fence and lodging, troughs, milking devices, and slaughter barns. Division if labour is prevailing among persons to feed the animate beings and keep their land. A squad of people would be needed to construct the fence and barns. Persons will besides be needed to work milking device machines every bit good as butchering machines that are used. Truck drivers to present meat and milk would be an of import portion for transit.Agribusiness is a subsistence scheme used in Germany today and histories for about 5 per centum of the labo ur. Over 80 per centum of the land in Germany is used for agricultural intents and forestry. Those who pattern agribusiness grow wheat, murphies, Beta vulgariss, barley, chous, etc. In order for the harvests such as wheat to be grown and maintained husbandmans use tractors, combines, irrigation systems, pesticides, cultivated land equipment, grain carts and planting and seeding drills. Division of labour is divided into particulars such as a individual to drive the tractors for intents such as ploughing and mowing, while combines require a trained person who can run the machinery to convulse and reap the wheat. Labor use is besides demanded by an person who can distribute manure, pesticides, and usage drills for seting and seeding harvests.Industrialism is widely used throughout Germany in many different ways. A few particulars include processed nutrients, a touch of excavation, machinery, cement, chemicals, and building industries such as steel which provide one tierce of their end product on merchandises such as autos. Types of tools to bring forth these autos would be computing machines for constructing in writing theoretical accounts, robotics to assist construct parts for the auto, assembly and production lines to do certain parts for things like engines, forklifts and machines for traveling heavy objects, and proving systems for satisfaction on their merchandise. Division of labour is divided into assorted subdivisions for bring forthing autos. There are pay labourers at the assembly lines to set the parts together, while others put certain parts on the autos like windscreens, tyres, doors, etc. There is besides a direction squad to assist form, administer, and run the undertakings needed to run into ends done by pay labourers, every bit good as a individual who can run and pull off the computing machine ‘s in writing theoretical accounts. Highly trained forces are needed to run machinery and forklifts for heavy merchandises and persons for proving merchandises before and after production. Information engineering is really common and is widely used in Germany today. Most or about all of their population patterns specific types of schemes within information engineering. The specific types found in Germany today would dwell of touristry, transit, eating houses, banking, and even cell phones for communicating. A tendency used throughout all of Germany is that of communicating and specifically with cell phones. In order for the communicating to be able to take topographic point, there are tools used such as cell phone towers and orbiters to let for the connexion of communicating, computing machines to pull off the usage of cell phones, and even proceedingss or programs necessary to utilize the device for communicating. The division of labour is separated into many different accomplishments. In order for devices such as cell phones to work labour would be separated into field workers who put up towers on the land every bit good as I.T. professionals who work, maintain, and manage computing machine systems that help run the devices and organize information. Besides within the labour field, directors with an educational background would be needed to run the concern, every bit good as gross revenues professionals to sell the merchandise. Germany organizes its ain authorities into a federal parliamentary democracy where you must be 18 old ages of age to vote. The state is a centralised political system where the people yield their single sovereignty to the authorities, where Torahs are written, passed, signed, and put to order that must be followed by the people. The fundamental law of Germany divides the powers of the federal and province degrees between the three subdivisions of authorities: the legislative, executive, and judicial subdivisions. This justifies and legitimizes the Torahs every bit good as supplying protection over persons, groups, and even the authorities and its functionaries. Germany is a democracy, where the Chancellor of the Exchequer, Angela Merkel, heads the federal authorities every bit good as tallies the executive subdivision of authorities. He serves a four twelvemonth term and is chosen by the Federal Assembly, which is elected by popular ballot. The president, Horst Koehler, serves up to two five-year footings and is elected by federal and province legislative assembly members as caput of province where he marks pacts and is a premier representative for the state. The authorities is internalized as Torahs, route marks, and regulations are followed by most citizens. Wayss of which this can be seen is while driving or kids traveling to school. In both cases people abide by the jurisprudence, whether it ‘s expressed or non. Germany ‘s legal system is that of civil jurisprudence where people are heard in tribunal. Both work forces and adult females serve in the military today and must be 18 old ages of age and function a nine month term. Germany is good known for its high economic powers and fiscal stableness as one of the top leaders in the universe today. The state engages in legion exports of goods such as autos, telecastings, and steel. In this manner, their economic system is based on that of negative reciprocality, intending they portion swaps with many other states in the universe today for their exported goods. This is a manner of having or being repaid for their export goods instantly and normally in the signifier of money. Germany is the 2nd largest export in the universe and much of the economic system is based on market exchange with different states every bit good as their ain state. Supply and demand is abundant within the auto industry and with the exchange of their excess goods such as autos ; they expect a net income to hike their economic system. Germany ‘s economic system is besides based on capitalist economy. Their market controls the economic system to supply their citizens with money from exchange and trade. Private ownerships or concerns besides support the result of the economic system for any type of net income whether it is single, group, industry, etc. After revenue enhancements, net income is redistributed to concern proprietors, persons, or to keep other industries. Much of the economic system is based on the services they provide such as technology, transit, and trade to call a few. Germany ‘s third sector histories for about 69 per centum of the GDP. The secondary sector of production or fabrication on points such as autos and chemicals histories for about 29 per centum. While the primary sector histories for about 1 per centum of natural stuffs such as brown coal, potassium hydroxide salt, and excavation. Presently, unemployment rates are at 9.1 per centum, an addition since recent old ages due to difficult times felt throughout much of the universe. Religion is shared by many citizens in Germany in a few different beliefs. Those who pattern faith are monotheistic significance they believe in one God. Christianity in the signifier of the Roman Catholic Church and Protestant are practiced by about 70 per centum of the German population. There are besides a few who pattern Islam in the signifier of the Muslim faith every bit good as Judaism. Although Christianity is the most popular faith practiced in Germany today, it is non frequently practiced by go toing church Sunday forenoons by less than 10 per centum. A common pattern after the birth of a kid is baptism. They are given Godparents and passage to a baptized kid. After the ceremonial services, they reincorporate the new position of the kid by holding a repast for the drawn-out household. Religion is n't needfully a immense portion of the civilization today, but they do pattern Freedom of Religion. By jurisprudence the people in Germany are able to pattern any faith they choose , with no set faith between any of the provinces. This is found in their Fundamental law called the Bill of Laws. Religion is besides incorporated through matrimony. Those who pattern faith go to the church to get married harmonizing to the spiritual background that they pattern. If they choose to hold a household, their kids inherit the faith to which they pattern. Christmas and Easter are two of the top spiritual vacations celebrated throughout the state. Easter is celebrated on Sunday with church service and household assemblages on Monday. Christmas is celebrated by opening gifts on Christmas Eve while household members relax on Christmas twenty-four hours.Marriage is presently worsening throughout Germany, but they pattern monogamousnesss, intending they are married to a individual partner. Today, matrimony is n't terribly of import to the people populating within the state. Most people marry in their mid-twentiess, but about 40 per centum of their matrimonies end up in divorce . Love lucifers are common among those looking for matrimony, intending they are able to take their ain spouse on the footing of matrimony. Dating is insouciant and before matrimony they make certain they are financially stable. Most of those who marry have a post-marital abode of neolocal, intending they travel off from their households after they have wed. Even before matrimony, twosomes tend to populate together off from their households to derive freedom and independency. Most households consist of a female parent, male parent, and one or two kids. They pattern a atomic household type throughout most of Germany while household life is highly of import for the lasting households of matrimony. The male parent is normally the caput of the household, but in most households both parents work to back up their kids. Descent is traced by both the female parent and the male parent ‘s side of the household through line of descent by direct lineage to ascendants. They pattern a bilat eral affinity because they portion a relationship with both the female parent and male parent ‘s side of the household and parent ‘s believe this to be of import for their kids. Because of the rise in divorce rates and those who re-marry, kin is referred to in two ways: primary connexions intending consanguineal by blood and affine by matrimony every bit good as by coevals such as grandparents, parents, aunts/uncles and siblings. Kinship is of import to people in Germany in ways of utilizing grandparents or parents names for their kids ; nevertheless, this tendency is get downing to melt. The largest societal group in Germany today is in-between category where the bulk autumn in the average-middle category at good over half of the population who have places, land, and some a college instruction. However, this may switch more towards the working category and lower category as difficult economic times are felt throughout the state.Germany is diverse in even the smallest wa ys such as the manner they eat their nutrients. Although they eat similar nutrients of many states around the universe, most or about all of the nutrient they eat is used with a fork and knife. They use their knives to put their nutrient onto the forks. This is done as a proper gesture. Their educational system is set up on a trailing system where they work and/or college homework until the age of 16. Most people have to take a trial before they can come in into school, while they besides do two old ages of public service. Education is divided and ran by each of the 16 provinces of which they hold the agencies of power and money for running the schools. Small small towns celebrate festivals several times a twelvemonth. For illustration, a popular festival they partake in is beer fest. During beer fest, they have collapsible shelters, polka music, an copiousness of nutrient, and mass sums of beer where even bush leagues are able to take part. Some common courtesy gestures are non mas ticating gum in public, non indicating to a individual ‘s caput as this insinuates that a individual is brainsick, and non speaking with your custodies in your pocket because this is seen as disrespectful. Germany ‘s health care system is ran by the authorities who controls the fees. These fees are minimum and citizens are able to have either authorities or their ain wellness attention insurance. If a individual becomes ill or they have palliating fortunes, they may take up to six hebdomads off with full wage.Within the intelligence today, matrimony in Germany is steadily worsening. Back in the early 1900s matrimony and household were an of import and common portion of life. Men provided for their households while female parents took attention of their kids. Today this is n't the instance as many adult females and work forces are remaining individual and declining to hold or even think about the possibility of kids. This affects the birth rates that are besides worsening in Germany today. I found this article interesting because back in the early 1900s when my ascendants lived in Germany matrimony was highly of import. Just within the last 30 old ages, Germany every bit good as others around the universe that have seen a diminution in matrimony with a recent determination of a diminution in birth rates. The article shows to me that this may perchance be due to the current rise in divorce rates within the last 30 old ages every bit good. However, this is a immense portion of society today and one that may go on to worsen for old ages to come.

Emergence of Mncs the Rise of Fordism

Name: Ginu Abraham Registration Number: H00124734 Course: INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS Coursework type: ESSAY Course Tutor: Dr. UmmeSalma HOW CAN THE EMERGENCE OF MNCs BE BEST EXPLAINED? Multi-National Corporations are corporations which have their head office in one country which is called the host country or the home country from where it manages their operations all over the world. Normally any corporation or group which derives the quarter of their income from their operations outside the host country is considered a multinational corporation.There are mainly four categories of Multi-National Corporations (1) a multinational, decentralized corporation with strong home country presence, (2) a global, centralized corporation that acquires cost advantages through centralized production wherever cheaper resources are available (3) an international company that builds on the parent corporation's technology or R;amp;D (4) a transitional enterprise that combines the previous three approaches . As according to the UN data about 35000 companies have direct investment in foreign countries, and the largest 100 of them control about 40 percent of world trade. Anon. , 2012) The birth of MNC's started from the early days of transitional trade started by Mesopotamian, Phoenician and Greek merchants. As the result of fall of Roman Empire the trade among various nations became difficult. The feudalism in Middle East and Europe resulted in wars among feudal lords and church prohibited the trade with the Muslim nations. After years the trade was established by traders of Italy who are considered as the predecessors of present day Multi-National Corporations.In the mid of seventeenth and eighteenth century Multinational corporations in the form of trading companies started. The East India Company, the French Levant Company, the Hudson Bay Company, was the main multinational companies established in those days. Standard Oil, British Petroleum, International Nickel and Ana Conda Coppe r were the main MNCs investing mainly in petroleum and mining industries in the early twentieth century. The MNCs went through three main phases in their growth process. The first phase came to an end almost at the beginning of the 1st World War.The European Companies such as Imperial Tobacco, Dunlop, Siemens, Philips, etc. captured the field. Due to the recessionary situation prevailing world over during the post-war period amidst of 1930-1950 the growth of Multinational corporations came to a halt. During the first phase, decades of 1950s and 1960s witnessed the emergence of American MNCs such as IBM, General Motors, and Ford Motors. The 1970's witnessed the third phase of MNC's. The new age belonged to the German, Europeans and Japanese MNCs.The recent years witnessed the emergence of MNCS from developing countries such as Indonesia, India etc. (Nirav, 2012) Let us consider the case of Ford Motor Corporation over the years. The life cycle of this company will help us better under stand the emergence of the MNCs Ford Motors is an American automotive corporation found by Henry Ford and a number of associates, who were C. H Bennett, Alexander Malcomson, James Couzens, John W. Anderson, John F. Dodge, Charles J. Woodall, Horace H. Rackham, Horace E. Dodge, Vernon C.Fry, John S. Gray and Albert Strelow started on June 1903. The company have produced automotive parts and heavy vehicles in the past. The Ford Motor company today produces luxury and commercial cars. (Anon. , www. britannica. com) Ford introduced various methods which were later called as Fordism. These were the methods like assembly lines and management of high scale industrial work-force and methods for higher level of production of cars. Henry Ford was one most common symbol of transformation of agricultural to industrial mass production, mass consumption economy.Ford was the creative or most resourceful force which resulted in the growth to superiority of the automobile industry to the world's pri me manufacturing activity. The foremost of the transformations it made was from the craft production to the mass production which helped in the creation of markets as it is mainly based on the economies of scale and scope which resulted in the rise to giant organizations which were built upon minute divisions of labour and functional specialisation. These were the main factors which resulted in the creation of a wider market.The company grew on the concept that to manufacture it by mass and to standardize a product in end would mean to price it so low so that even the lay man would afford to buy it. Ford manufactured almost everything he required for his cars right from the basic raw materials. Ford mastered the mass production techniques to achieve significant economies by taking the task of doing everything by him. Ford was cautious about finance, accounting and giving super vision short and straight for the efficient coordination of the free flow of the raw materials and the comp onents through the production procedure.These were the two reasons why Ford vertically integrated the corporation. Though for the complete vertical integration it needed a huge amount work force including middle managers and specialists which were to be employed and assigned according to the hierarchical scheme. Thus in the end it all helped in the vertical integration of the corporation. By 1950s, the increase in mass production made them the largest single group within every developed country. (Thompson, n. d. The following chain of events will help to shed some light on the three stages of evolution of the company to an MNC. These stages will be further explained following the key moments in history. Ford Motor Corporation sold their first car which was assembled in their Mack Avenue plant in Detroit. The first car that they sold was a two cylinder model A on July 23rd. The Model T was made available to the public in 1908 and in which model production continued until 1927. Ford M otor Corporation of Canada incorporated near Winsor in Ontario.In the same year Ford Motor corporation starts the production at the Piquette Avenue Plant in Detroit In 1910 The Manufacturing operations of Ford Motor Corporation was transferred to Highland Park, Michigan Plant. The corporation established their first overseas plant in Trafford Park, Manchester, England in 1911. The experiments with the assembly line began at the Highland Park Plant. The early trials with the transmissions and magnetos were followed by the advancement of chassis assembly line by the mid of the 1913 and by the end of the 1915 the one millionth car was produced by the Ford Motor Corporation.Two years later first Ford truck was introduced which was supported by the Model T engine and in the same year the production of Fordson tractor begins which until Feb 1928 was produced only in North America. It was in the beginning of the 1922 the Ford Motor company purchased Lincoln Motor Company for 8 million doll ars and Edsel Ford the son of Henry Ford was named as the president of the Lincoln. After five years from the purchase of Lincoln Motor Company, it ceases the model T production which was being sold to the public since 1908. Ford starts with production of the Model A in the same year which continues till 1932.By the beginning of 1941 ford started producing the Mercury, the first jeep and first V8 en-block engine-equipped car built. All these car productions came to a halt by the beginning of World War II in 1942 and the production of Ford passenger cars was only resumed by July 3rd 1945. Later in 1956 Ford Motor company transforms into a publicly-held company with the common stock sale in the public and was listed on NYSE in the beginning of 1956. By the same year the Ford Motor company subsidiary on Aeronutronics systems, established which specialized in defence weapons and aerospace technology.As the Ford Motor corporation went on progressing with their production and sales reachi ng higher demands it finally achieves exceeded earnings than those of the General Motors for the First time in 1986/1987. The same year it earns record profits of 4. 63 billion but later on in 1991 Ford Motor Company's largest loss in a year was recorded as 2. 3 billion. As the result the Ford Motor company creates a Quality Care system to meet the needs the Ford dealerships and Ford owners. The same year Ford and Volkswagen Embark on a joint venture in â€Å"Auto Europa†, which is an organisation which produce multipurpose vehicles in Portugal.Later next year Ford's F series truck known as the best-selling truck for the tenth consecutive years in United States. Ford also succeeds in producing the first car which has environment friendly air-conditioning system. By the same year, Ford acquires 50% of the Mazda Motor Manufacturing and renames it as Auto Alliance International. In the year 1993, Ford is claims five of the eight top selling vehicles in the United States. The sam e year the first formal Ford Dealerships were placed inside the mainland China and the Ford China operations later secured the manufacturing and assembly.In 1994 the first ford assembly began in India and acquires the world's largest car rental company named Hertz. Finally in 1995 the Ford 2000 is initiated which was said to combine the power, resources ultimately to be a world company with the intimacy and agility of a small one. (Anon. , 2010) Later through years till to date the Ford Motor Corporation concentrated firmly on increasing the consumer base by marketing and developing new products and to achieve their globalization goals.Ford also tried to put more effort on the research and development to increase their consumer base by commercialising cars powered with natural gas. The company advanced by developing and introducing new features like side impact airbags to their products. The growth and development of the corporation reached even up to the teaming up with the NASA to develop features for their cars which no other corporations in automobile industry have ever provided.Over the years though the ford corporation have already started selling their products, after the 90s it came to a broader perspective of growth by extending their fields to various other sections by teaming up with NASA, Oracle Corporation and even a YMCA Childcare, which portrays the in deep goals to become more than a popular automobile manufacturing corporation. At this juncture I would like to shed some light on three stage of evolution that the Ford Corporation had to get through to become a MNC.There are generally three stages of evolution for a corporation to become a Multinational Corporation; they are the Export stage, Foreign Production Stage and finally the Multinational stage. (BRIMS, n. d. ) The Fords motor Corporation which after its incorporation in 1903 made their first model commercialised for the public after a few years from incorporation. At this first stage of Export, it is the point of time were the Ford Motor Corporation had to completely rely on the export agents for exporting the cars outside their home country as they had no other option to increase their export sales.They built plants in Detroit and Michigan to increase the production to satisfy the demand for the cars. The company focuses mainly on achieving higher number of export sales and introduces methods like assembly line to reduce cost and to save time which ultimately increases the production. In the second stage of foreign production, the Ford motor corporation's export sales reach the limits of the sales to the foreign countries in means of export sales.Now the Corporation had the option of either to start a plant in a foreign country or to license corporation's technology to a new company in a foreign country is a risky choice as it may result in transfer of trade secrets regarding the technology to a new firm thereby paving way for the rise of a rival. In spite of the se facts the Ford Motor Corporation established their foremost overseas manufacturing plant in Trafford Park, Manchester. Thus the productivity of the Ford Motor Corporation increases and in 1915 it produces he one millionth ford car and over the decades the Ford Motor Corporation increases their productivity by building more efficient and advanced plants throughout the home country and in foreign countries as well, which means it has already entered the final stage of being a multinational company. In this final stage, Ford Motor Corporation focuses on research and development, financing, and recruiting and co-ordinating production. By viewing the world market into a broader and growth intended view which results in the standardisation of products and the services paving way for the emergence of MNCs.From this it is easy for us to understand the different phases involved in an organisation’s transformation into an MNC. This also helps us to understand the changing market tre nds and consumer behavioural characteristics thus helping us understand the concept of business as a whole.REFERENCE Anon. , 2010. www. thehenryford. org. [Online] Available at: http://www. thehenryford. org/exhibits/fmc/chrono. asp [Accessed 19 09 2012]. Anon. , 2012. www. businessdictionary. com. [Online] Available at: http://www. businessdictionary. com/definition/multinational-corporation-MNC. html Anon. , www. britannica. com. www. britannica. com. Online] Available at: http://www. britannica. com/EBchecked/topic/213265/Ford-Motor-Company [Accessed 19 09 2012]. BRIMS, D. V. , n. d. A Brief on MNCs inside pages, s. l. : s. n. BRIMS, D. V. , n. d. A Brief on MNCs inside pages, s. l. : s. n. Nirav, S. , 2012. www. preservearticles. com. [Online] Available at: http://www. preservearticles. com/2012020122380/emergence-of-mncs-in-a-historical-perspective. html [Accessed 20 09 2012]. Thompson, G. F. , n. d. Fordism, Post-Fordism and the Flexible System of Production, Virginia: s. n. T hompson, G. F. , n. d. Fordism, Post-Fordism and the Flexible Sytem of Production , Virginia: s. n.